The Assumption of Non-Gaussianity in Natural and Social Sciences and Its Influence on Detection of Causal Relationships

The concept of causality is changing as human knowledge changes. Causality as an abstract notion has been traditionally studied in the field of metaphysics in philosophy. The Greek philosophers understood the time causality as explanation in general (Aristotle, 350 B.C.). The search for causes was a search for "first principles", which were meant to be explanatory. In the more recent philosophy introduced by (Newton, 1687) was causality connected with determinism. The current experimental science reveals the non-deterministic notion of cause, which has to be also taken into consideration. The introduction of probability theory into all scientific disciplines allows to formalize and mathematize the wider conceived notion of cause.